Протяженность маршрута автопатруля составляет: тест спец подготовка — Скачать Реферат — Курсовая работа

В каких документах отражены маршруты патруля, его протяженность, границы и центр маршрута? — Студопедия

1) Устав патрульно-постовой службы полиции

2) Единая дислокация, карточка маршрута.

3) Постовая ведомость.

4) Служебная книжка сотрудника.

130. Перечислите формы публичных мероприятий:

1) Собрание, митинг, демонстрация, шествие, пикетирование.

2) Митинг, демонстрация, шествие, пикетирование.

3) Митинг, демонстрация и пикетирование.

4) Собрание, митинг, демонстрация и пикетирование.

131. Основными функциями полиции по доставлению лиц, находящихся в состоянии опьянения, являются:

1) Выявление их на постах и маршрутах патрулирования.

2) Осуществление вызова выездной бригады скорой медицинской помощи на место их обнаружения.

3) Предупреждение совершения противоправных действий в отношении вышеуказанных лиц, а также оказание им первой помощи в целях предупреждения опасности, угрожающей их жизни и здоровью.

4) Все перечисленные.

К какому виду извещателей относится извещатель «Астра»?

1) Магнитно-контактный.

2) Аку­стический.

3)Тепловой пожарный.

4) Объемный.

133. Сотрудник полиции обязан разъяснить лицу, подвергнутому задержанию:
1) Право на юридическую помощь, на услуги переводчика;

2) Право на уведомление близких родственников или близких лиц о факте его задержания;

3) Право на отказ от дачи объяснений;

4) Все перечисленные

На основании чего и в какой срок заключается договор на охрану объекта?

1) Акта обследования имущества, в течение 5 дней с момента подписания данного акта сторонами.

2) Заявки собственника, в течение 3 дней с момента её написания.

3) Заявки собственника, в течение 5 дней с момента её написания.

4) Заявки собственника, в течение 10 дней с момента её написания.

135. Продолжительность непрерывного несения службы нарядами полиции на внешних постах и маршрутах при температуре воздуха ниже -20, а также при температуре выше +35 не должна превышать:

1) 4 часа.

2) 2 часа.

3) 1 час.

4) 30 минут.

Расчет расстояний между городами

Примеры расчета расстояний:

Когда может пригодиться расчет расстояний?

Бесплатный расчет расстояний между городами показывает точное расстояние между городами и считает кратчайший маршрут с расходом топлива. Он может быть востребован в следующих случаях:

• Сервис расчета расстояний помогает проложить маршрут автопутешественнику, например, для летнего отдыха с семьей или при планировании деловой поездки на автомобиле. Зная расход бензина и среднюю цену за литр топлива, нетрудно рассчитать обязательные финансовые затраты в поездке.
• Водителю-дальнобойщику расчет расстояния между городами позволяет проложить маршрут на карте при подготовке к дальнему рейсу.
• Калькулятор расстояний пригодится грузоотправителю, чтобы определить километраж и в соответствии с тарифами транспортной компании оценить стоимость грузоперевозки.

Как пользоваться расчетом расстояний?

Для того чтобы рассчитать маршрут между городами, начните вводить в поле «Откуда» название начального пункта маршрута. Из выпадающей контекстной подсказки выберите нужный город. По аналогии заполните поле «Куда» и нажмите кнопку «рассчитать».

На открывшейся странице на карте будет проложен маршрут, красными маркерами будут обозначены начальный и конечный населенные пункты, а красной линией будет показан путь по автодороге. Над картой будут указаны суммарная длина маршрута, продолжительность пути и расход топлива. Под этой информацией будет размещена сводная таблица с подробными данными о маршруте и об участках пути: тип дороги, расчетная длина и продолжительность каждого фрагмента маршрута.

Полученный маршрут можно распечатать или, изменив некоторые параметры, повторить расчет. В дополнительных настройках можно задать транзитные населенные пункты, а также скорректировать расчетную скорость движения по дорогам каждого типа. Ниже дополнительных настроек расположены поля ввода данных топливного калькулятора. Внесите в них актуальный расход горючего вашей машины и среднюю цену 1 литра топлива. При повторном расчете эти данные будут использованы для подсчета необходимого количества топлива и его стоимости.

Другие методы прокладки маршрута

Пожалуй, самая простая альтернатива — это открыть атлас автодорог и на глаз проложить маршрут по карте. Затем, прокатив по маршруту курвиметр, можно получить приблизительный километраж. Оценить время поездки будет сложнее: для этого придется разбить маршрут на фрагменты с одинаковым классом дорог и измерить сумму длин фрагментов каждого класса. Далее, зная среднюю скорость для каждого класса дорог, нетрудно рассчитать время, поделив путь на скорость.

Если курвиметра нет под рукой, то можно воспользоваться линейкой. Приложите нулевую отметку линейки к начальному пункту маршрута и двигайте линейку, плотно примыкая ее к извилинам дороги.

Рассчитать расстояние между городами также можно с помощью таблиц, которые опубликованы в атласах и справочниках. Это достаточно удобно для маршрутов, начинающихся и заканчивающихся в крупных городах. Мелких населенных пунктов, как правило, нет в таблицах.

Смотрите также:

Алгоритм расчета расстояния между городами

Расчет маршрута основан на алгоритме поиска кратчайшего пути во взвешенном графе автодорог (алгоритм Дейкстры). Расстояния определены по точным спутниковым координатам дорог и населенных пунктов. Расчет является результатом компьютерного моделирования, а модели не бывают идеальными, поэтому при планировании маршрута поездки не забудьте заложить резерв.

Смотрите также: Расчет расстояний для вашего сайта.

Существует несколько подходов к определению расстояния между городами:

В наших расчетах расстояния между городами берутся по автодорогам.

90000 Traffic signs — The Highway Code — Guidance 90001 90002 Traffic signs used, including signs giving orders, warning signs, direction signs, information signs and road works signs. 90003 90002 Although 90005 The Highway Code 90006 shows many of the signs commonly in use, a comprehensive explanation of our signing system is given in the Department’s booklet Know Your Traffic Signs, which is on sale at booksellers. The booklet also illustrates and explains the vast majority of signs the road user is likely to encounter.90003 90002 The signs illustrated in 90005 The Highway Code 90006 are not all drawn to the same scale. In Wales, bilingual versions of some signs are used including Welsh and English versions of place names. Some older designs of signs may still be seen on the roads. 90003 90012 Signs giving orders 90013 90002 90005 Signs with red circles are mostly prohibitive. Plates below signs qualify their message. 90006 90003 90002 90003 Entry to 20 mph zone 90002 90021 90003 End of 20 mph zone 90002 90003 Maximum speed 90002 90003 National speed limit applies 90002 90003 School crossing patrol 90002 90003 Stop and give way 90002 90003 Give way to traffic on major road 90002 90003 Manually operated temporary STOP and GO signs 90002 90003 Manually operated temporary STOP and GO signs 90002 90003.90000 Indonesia Told India Its Quest to Join Malacca Strait Patrols Is not Feasible 90001 90002 90003 New Delhi: 90004 About three weeks before Indian and Indonesian leaders sat down for talks in Jakarta on Tuesday, Indonesian experts had explained to their Indian counterparts that New Delhi’s quest to join the Malacca Strait Patrol (MSP) was «not feasible». 90005 90002 The joint statement issued after discussions between Indian Prime Minister Narendra Modi and President Joko Widodo on Tuesday described the aim of the expert-level meeting on May 10 in Bali was to «explore ways in enhancing strategic technical cooperation on maritime security».90005 90002 Multiple sources have confirmed to 90009 The Wire 90010 that the sole item on the agenda of the expert-level meeting was to discuss India’s suitability to become a full member of the MSP. 90005 90002 Established in 2004, the MSP is a quadrilateral arrangement between Indonesia, Malaysia, Singapore and Thailand for intelligence exchange, coordinated air (eye-in-the-sky) and sea patrol through the vital straits. 90005 90002 The narrow channel of water, which stretches for around 600 nautical miles, accounts for 25% of world trade.It is also one of the world’s energy chokepoints, with a transit volume of over 16 million barrels per day of crude oil and petroleum products. About 40% of India’s trade also goes through the straits. 90005 90002 Indian external affairs minister Sushma Swaraj had proposed the expert-level meeting during the joint commission meeting in January. Her counterpart, Indonesian foreign minister Retno Marsudi, readily agreed. 90005 90002 A highly-placed diplomatic source said that whenever India had brought up the issue of joining the MSP with Indonesia in the past, Jakarta had stated New Delhi did not either understand or delineate its role clearly.90005 90002 Sources said the May 10 meeting was the first time that technical experts talked directly to help Indonesia comprehend the scope of Indian ambition. Both sides quickly realised that the Indian side had not fully come to grips with the nuts and bolts of the MSP. 90005 90002 The Malacca Strait. Credit: Google Maps 90005 90002 Constructed as a «loose mechanism», MSP members do not even conduct joint patrols. Instead, they take part in «coordinated patrols», with each country staying in their own territorial waters.90005 90002 When the Indian experts indicated that the Indian Navy expected to hold patrols inside the straits, the Indonesians pointed out that they never ventured into Malaysian or Singaporean waters. 90005 90002 «The littoral states are very cautious when dealing with patrol among themselves, let alone with a third state,» said the source. 90005 90002 Indonesia reiterated the legalistic objection that only states bordering the straits used for international navigation could patrol the straits under the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS).This was a reference to Section 37 of the UNCLOS, which says that non-littoral states can move from one part of the high sea to another through a strait in a «continuous and expeditious passage». A patrol route would be circuitous, rather than «proceed without delay» in a straight line — and therefore preclude non-littoral states from the region, it is argued. 90005 90002 The ‘eye-in-the-sky’ aerial surveillance was also a subject of misconception. «It does not involve respective aircrafts patrolling the length of the straits.Rather, officials from the four states board the same aircraft for conducting aerial patrol. On the other hand, Indian experts seemed to suggest that the aircraft from the Naval Base can go around the straits, «said the source. 90005 90002 The Indian delegation restated talking points that as a «funnel state», New Delhi already playing a key security role in the straits and formal full membership would enhance the «collective security» of all regional members. 90005 90002 At the end of the meeting, the Indian experts had both a better understanding of the MSP mechanism and the realisation that becoming a full member was probably a impossible dream.90005 90002 The Indonesian side reportedly explained that there were two tests to determine the probability of a non-littoral state joining the MSP. The two questions were whether the participation of the third state would affect the sovereignty of littoral states and provoke any other ‘user state’. 90005 90002 From Jakarta’s perspective, the answer is yes to both the test questions. «The Indonesians bluntly said that if India was asking for their navy to patrol the straits, then it would impinge on the sovereignty of the littoral states,» said sources.90005 90002 There was a reference to both the tripartite Batam joint declaration and Jakarta statement in 2005 that reaffirmed the primacy of the littoral states and cognisance of their sovereignty in the Straits of Malacca. 90005 90002 Prime Minister Narendra Modi and the President of Indonesia Joko Widodo attend the kite flying session, during the inauguration of the India-Indonesia Kite Exhibition, in Jakarta, Indonesia on May 30, 2018. Credit: PIB 90005 90002 China was, of course, the elephant in the room during the discussions on May 10.90005 90002 New Delhi was hoping that rising anxiety about China’s aggressive South China Sea policy could help India sail into the Malacca straits, figuratively. 90005 90002 But the China factor is also the reason why Indonesia is shy of roping in India. «It’s simple. If India is allowed in, China will follow, «said an ASEAN diplomat. 90005 90002 With the two question test, the Indonesia experts signalled to the Indian side that full membership was out of the question. 90005 90002 «They (India) now understand that joining MSP is not feasible,» said the senior diplomatic official.90005 90002 Indian membership of the MSP would require a consensus. Both Singapore and Thailand have told India that they will go by the prevailing ‘consensus’, with Malaysia also conveying a similar message. It was also made clear that the consensus-building had to start from Indonesia. «Right now, there is no consensus,» said a senior diplomat from a major Southeast Asian country. 90005 90002 The May 30 joint statement instructed the technical experts «to expedite the process in identifying the scope of strategic cooperation of mutual interest».90005 90002 Explaining the next steps, a senior official said that New Delhi will now have to undergo an internal consultative process to re-orient its proposals before the next meeting hosted by India. 90005 90002 From focusing on the MSP, India will likely pivot toward bilateral proposals to enhance maritime domain awareness and information sharing. There could also be an exploration of trilateral cooperation with Thailand. 90005 90002 India has a robust defence relationship with each of the four MSP members.The Indian navy conducts holds bilateral coordinated patrols with Thailand and Indonesia, and there are regular military exercises with Singapore and Malaysia. 90005 90002 Sources said the Malacca straits patrol issue «did not figure in the talks (between the Indian prime minister and Indonesian president) directly but maritime cooperation was discussed». The Indian side had also not raised the matter during the high-level bilateral discussions in Delhi during Widodo’s visit in January this year.90005 90002 Indonesia is not only the largest state in the region, but has been fiercely resistant to the presence of foreign state actors in the Malacca straits for historical reasons. 90005 90002 Sovereignty over the Malacca straits is interlinked to independent Indonesia’s early quest for the status of an archipelagic state in international law, which would secure internal waters between the islands from foreign interference. 90005 90002 Even when Indonesia endorsed clubbing the two straits of Malacca and Singapore together and announced joint control with Malaysia in 1971, experts said that it was seen as a move to restrict the «strategic mobility» of ‘user states’ like the US, China and Japan.90005 90002 In the aftermath of 9/11, the US requested India to escort supply ships through the straits. The first such escort took place in April 2002. It was projected as the Indian Navy’s coming of age as a regional maritime power. Behind the scenes, the regional capitals were unhappy. «There were lots of annoyed officials. The memory lasted for a long time that India escorted with the US, especially when the countries around the straits had deep concerns, «said an Indian government official who had been previously posted in Southeast Asia.90005 90002 When Indonesia (and Malaysia) reacted with outrage to the US-backed Regional Maritime Security initiative in 2004, India had already learned its lessons and kept a distance. However, India is a member of the Japan-sponsored Regional Cooperation Agreement on Combating Piracy and Armed Robbery against Ships in Asia (ReCAAP) which aims to improve the reporting of piracy and other incidents at sea. 90005 90002 Indonesia and Malaysia have refused to join ReCAAP over an objection of the location of the Information Sharing Centre in Singapore and traditional resistance to the presence of foreign players.90005 90002 A diplomat from a Southeast Asian country told 90009 The Wire 90010 that it made sense for India to engage more intensively with the Indonesians, «as out of all the parties in MSP, they are most concerned of the potential implications on sovereignty». 90005 90002 During his first state visit to Indonesia, Modi said that both countries were maritime neighbours and strategic partners with similar concerns. 90005 90002 Announcing that India-Indonesia ties were being upgraded to «comprehensive strategic partnership» with annual summits, Modi asserted, «It is our duty to ensure the safety and security of the maritime routes.It is also important for protection of our economic interests. In today’s changing Indo-Pacific region, ours is a very special geo-strategic location «. 90005 90002 He touted the complementarity of India’s ‘Security and Growth for All in the Region’ (SAGAR) project and Widodo’s Global Maritime Fulcrum policy. 90005 90002 Following the talks, a separate statement on «Shared Vision of India-Indonesia Maritime Cooperation in the Indo-Pacific» was issued. The bilateral document advocated a «free, open, transparent, rules-based, peaceful, prosperous and inclusive Indo-Pacific region, where sovereignty and territorial integrity, international law, in particular UNCLOS, freedom of navigation and overflight, sustainable development and an open , free, fair and mutually beneficial trade and investment system are respected «.90005 90002 Indonesia is not a party to the South China Sea dispute, but there had been serious clashes between security personnel and Chinese fishermen in the waters around Natuna islands in 2016. Last year, Indonesia renamed part of the waters in its northern EEZ as North Natuna Sea to emphasise its sovereignty. 90005 90002 Both leaders also announced a joint task force will be established to develop port infrastructure at Sabang in the Andaman sea. 90005 90002 Speaking to reporters, MEA secretary (East) Preeti Saran said that there had been discussions around building infrastructure like seaports and airports.However, there was no discussion about access of Indian naval ships to Sabang port. 90005 90002 Fifteen inter-governmental agreements were signed, which included the renewal of cooperation on defence, outer space, railways and health. 90005 .90000 javascript — How obtain the length of a route? 90001 Stack Overflow 90002 90003 Products 90004 90003 Customers 90004 90003 Use cases 90004 90009 90010 90003 Stack Overflow Public questions and answers 90004 90003 Teams Private questions and answers for your team 90004 90003 Enterprise Private self-hosted questions and answers for your enterprise 90004 90003 Jobs Programming and related technical career opportunities 90004 90003 Talent Hire technical talent 90004 90003 Advertising Reach developers worldwide 90004 90009 .90000 Route Selection in Cisco Routers 90001 90002 One of the intriguing aspects of Cisco routers, especially for those new to routing, is how the router chooses which route is the best among those presented by routing protocols, manual configuration, and various other means. While route selection is much simpler than you might imagine, to understand it completely requires some knowledge about the way Cisco routers work. 90003 90004 Requirements 90005 90002 There are no specific prerequisites for this document.90003 90004 Components Used 90005 90002 This document is not restricted to specific software and hardware versions. 90003 90004 Conventions 90005 90002 For more information on document conventions, see the Cisco Technical Tips Conventions. 90003 90002 There are three processes involved in building and maintaining the routing table in a Cisco router: 90003 90018 90019 90002 Various routing processes, which actually run a network (or routing) protocol, such as Enhanced Interior Gateway Routing Protocol (EIGRP), Border Gateway Protocol (BGP), Intermediate System-to-Intermediate System (IS-IS), and Open Shortest Path First (OSPF).90003 90022 90019 90002 The routing table itself, which accepts information from the routing processes and also replies to requests for information from the forwarding process. 90003 90022 90019 90002 The forwarding process, which requests information from the routing table to make a packet forwarding decision. 90003 90022 90031 90002 Let’s examine the interaction between the routing protocols and the routing table to understand how the routing table is built.90003 90002 The main considerations while building the routing table are: 90003 90018 90019 90002 90039 Administrative distance 90040 — This is the measure of trustworthiness of the source of the route. If a router learns about a destination from more than one routing protocol, administrative distance is compared and the preference is given to the routes with lower administrative distance. In other words, it is the believability of the source of the route. 90003 90022 90019 90002 90039 Metrics 90040 — This is a measure used by the routing protocol to calculate the best path to a given destination, if it learns multiple paths to the same destination.Each routing protocol uses a different metric. 90003 90022 90019 90002 90039 Prefix length 90040 90003 90022 90031 90002 As each routing process receives updates and other information, it chooses the best path to any given destination and attempts to install this path into the routing table. For instance, if EIGRP learns of a path toward 10.1.1.0/24, and decides this particular path is the best EIGRP path to this destination, it tries to install the path it has learned into the routing table.90003 90002 The router decides whether or not to install the routes presented by the routing processes based on the administrative distance of the route in question. If this path has the lowest administrative distance to this destination (when compared to the other routes in the table), it’s installed in the routing table. If this route is not the route with the best administrative distance, then the route is rejected. 90003 90002 To understand this better, let’s look at an example.Assume a router has four routing processes running: EIGRP, OSPF, RIP, and IGRP. Now, all four of these processes have learned of various routes to the 192.168.24.0/24 network, and each has chosen its best path to that network through its internal metrics and processes. 90003 90002 Each of these four processes attempts to install their route toward 192.168.24.0/24 into the routing table. The routing processes are each assigned an administrative distance, which is used to decide which route to install.90003 90064 90065 90066 90067 Default Administrative Distances 90068 90069 90066 90071 Connected 90072 90071 0 90072 90069 90066 90071 Static 90072 90071 1 90072 90069 90066 90071 eBGP 90072 90071 20 90 072 90069 90066 90071 90039 EIGRP (internal) 90040 90072 90071 90039 90 90040 90072 90069 90066 90071 IGRP 90072 90071 100 90 072 90069 90066 90071 OSPF 90072 90071 110 90 072 90069 90066 90071 IS-IS 90072 90071 115 90 072 90069 90066 90071 RIP 90072 90071 120 90 072 90069 90066 90071 EIGRP (external) 90072 90071 170 90 072 90069 90066 90071 iBGP 90072 90071 200 90 072 90069 90066 90071 EIGRP summary route 90072 90071 5 90072 90069 90140 90141 90002 Since the internal EIGRP route has the best administrative distance (the smaller the administrative distance, the higher the preference), it’s installed in the routing table.90003 90004 Backup Routes 90005 90002 What do the other protocols, RIP, IGRP, and OSPF, do with the routes that were not installed? What if the most preferred route, learned from EIGRP, fails? Cisco IOS® Software uses two approaches to solve this problem: The first is to have each routing process attempt to install its best routes periodically. If the most preferred route fails, the next best route (according to administrative distance) succeeds on the next attempt. The other solution is for the routing protocol that failed to install its route in the table to hang on to the route, and tell the routing table process to report if the best path fails.90003 90002 For protocols that do not have their own routing information tables, such as IGRP, the first method is used. Every time IGRP receives an update about a route, it attempts to install the updated information in the routing table. If there’s already a route to this same destination in the routing table, the installation attempt fails. 90003 90002 For protocols that have their own database of routing information, such as EIGRP, IS-IS, OSPF, BGP, and RIP, a backup route is registered when the initial attempt to install the route fails.If the route installed in the routing table fails for some reason, the routing table maintenance process calls each routing protocol process that has registered a backup route, and asks them to reinstall the route in the routing table. If there are multiple protocols with registered backup routes, the preferred route is chosen based on administrative distance. 90003 90004 Adjusting the Administrative Distance 90005 90002 The default administrative distance might not always be right for your network; you may want to adjust them so that RIP routes are preferred over IGRP routes, for instance.Before explaining how to adjust the administrative distances, we need to look at the implications of changing the administrative distance. 90003 90002 Changing the administrative distance on routing protocols can be very dangerous! Changing the default distances can actually lead to routing loops and other oddities in your network. We recommend you change administrative distance with caution, and only after you have thought through what you want to achieve, and all the consequences of your actions.90003 90002 For entire protocols, changing the distance is relatively easy; simply configure the distance using the 90039 distance 90040 command in the routing process sub-configuration mode. You can also change the distance for routes learned from one source only in some protocols, and you can change the distance on just some routes. For more information, refer to 90161 Adjust Administrative Distance for Route Selection in Cisco IOS Routers Configuration Example 90162. 90003 90002 For static routes, you can change the distance of each route by entering a distance after the 90039 ip route 90040 command: 90003 90002 90039 ip route network subnet mask next hop distance 90040 90003 90002 You can not change the administrative distance for all the static routes at once.90003 90004 How Metrics Determine the Route Selection Process 90005 90002 Routes are chosen and built in the routing table based on the routing protocol’s administrative distance. The routes learned from the routing protocol with the lowest administrative distance are installed in the routing table. If there are multiple paths to the same destination from a single routing protocol, then the multiple paths would have the same administrative distance and the best path is selected based on the metrics.Metrics are values ​​associated with specific routes, ranking them from most preferred to least preferred. The parameters used to determine the metrics differ for different routing protocols. The path with the lowest metric is selected as the optimal path and installed in the routing table. If there are multiple paths to the same destination with equal metrics, load balancing is done on these equal cost paths. For more information on load balancing see How Does Load Balancing Work? 90003 90004 Prefix Lengths 90005 90002 Let’s look at another scenario to see how the router handles another common situation: varying prefix lengths.Assume, again, that a router has four routing processes running on it, and each process has received these routes: 90003 90002 Which of these routes will be installed in the routing table? Since EIGRP internal routes have the best administrative distance, it’s tempting to assume the first one will be installed. However, since each of these routes has a different prefix length (subnet mask), they’re considered different destinations, and they will all be installed in the routing table.90003 90002 Let’s see how the forwarding engine uses the information from the routing table to make forwarding decisions. 90003 90002 Let’s look at the three routes we just installed in the routing table, and see how they look on the router. 90003 90188 90189 router # 90039 show ip route 90040 …. D 192.168.32.0/26 [90/25789217] via 10.1.1.1 R 192.168.32.0/24 [120/4] via 10.1.1.2 O 192.168.32.0/19 [110/229840] via 10.1.1.3 …. 90192 90193 90002 If a packet arrives on a router interface destined for 192.168.32.1, which route would the router choose? It depends on the prefix length, or the number of bits set in the subnet mask. Longer prefixes are always preferred over shorter ones when forwarding a packet. 90003 90002 In this case, a packet destined to 192.168.32.1 is directed toward 10.1.1.1, because 192.168.32.1 falls within the 192.168.32.0/26 network (192.168.32.0 to 192.168.32.63). It also falls within the other two routes available, but the 192.168.32.0/26 has the longest prefix within the routing table (26 bits verses 24 or 19 bits).90003 90002 Likewise, if a packet destined for 192.168.32.100 arrives on one of the router’s interfaces, it’s forwarded to 10.1.1.2, because 192.168.32.100 does not fall within 192.168.32.0/26 (192.168.32.0 through 192.168.32.63), but it does fall within the 192.168.32.0/24 destination (192.168.32.0 through 192.168.32.255). Again, it also falls into the range covered by 192.168.32.0/19, but 192.168.32.0/24 has a longer prefix length. 90003 90004 IP Classless 90005 90002 Where the 90039 ip classless 90040 configuration command falls within the routing and forwarding processes is often confusing.In reality, IP classless only affects the operation of the forwarding processes in IOS; it does not affect the way the routing table is built. If IP classless is not configured (using the 90039 no ip classless 90040 command), the router will not forward packets to supernets. As an example, let’s again place three routes in the routing table and route packets through the router. 90003 90002 90039 Note: 90040 If the supernet or default route is learned via IS-IS or OSPF, the 90039 no ip classless 90040 configuration command is ignored.In this case, packet switching behavior works as though 90039 ip classless 90040 were configured. 90003 90188 90189 router # 90039 show ip route 90040 …. 172.30.0.0/16 is variably subnetted, 2 subnets, 2 masks D 172.30.32.0/20 [90/4879540] via 10.1.1.2 D 172.30.32.0/24 [90/25789217] via 10.1.1.1 S * 0.0.0.0/0 [1/0] via 10.1.1.3 90192 90193 90002 Remembering that the 172.30.32.0/24 network includes the addresses 172.30.32.0 through 172.30.32.255, and the 172.30.32.0 / 20 network includes the addresses 172.30.32.0 through 172.30.47.255, we can then try switching three packets through this routing table and see what the results are. 90003 90018 90019 90002 A packet destined to 172.30.32.1 is forwarded to 10.1.1.1, since this is the longest prefix match. 90003 90022 90019 90002 A packet destined to 172.30.33.1 is forwarded to 10.1.1.2, since this is the longest prefix match. 90003 90022 90019 90002 A packet destined to 192.168.10.1 is forwarded to 10.1.1.3; since this network does not exist in the routing table, this packet is forwarded to the default route. 90003 90022 90019 90002 A packet destined to 172.30.254.1 is dropped. 90003 90022 90031 90002 The surprising answer out of these four is the last packet, which is dropped. It’s dropped because its destination, 172.30.254.1, is within a known major network, 172.30.0.0/16, but the router does not know about this particular subnet within that major network.90003 90002 This is the essence of classful routing: If one part of a major network is known, but the subnet toward which the packet is destined within that major network is unknown, the packet is dropped. 90003 90002 The most confusing aspect of this rule is that the router only uses the default route if the destination major network does not exist in the routing table at all. 90003 90002 This can cause problems in a network where a remote site, with one connection back to the rest of the network, is running no routing protocols, as illustrated.90003 90002 90251 90003 90002 The remote site router is configured like this: 90003 90188 90189 interface Serial 0 ip address 10.1.2.2 255.255.255.0 ! interface Ethernet 0 ip address 10.1.1.1 255.255.255.0 ! ip route 0.0.0.0 0.0.0.0 10.1.2.1 ! no ip classless 90192 90193 90002 With this configuration, the hosts at the remote site can reach destinations on the Internet (through the 10.x.x.x cloud), but not destinations within the 10.x.x.x cloud, which is the corporate network. Because the remote router knows about some part of the 10.0.0.0/8 network, the two directly connected subnets, and no other subnet of 10.x.x.x, it assumes these other subnets do not exist and drops any packets destined for them. Traffic destined to the Internet, however, does not ever have a destination in the 10.x.x.x range of addresses, and is therefore correctly routed through the default route. 90003 90002 Configuring 90039 ip classless 90040 on the remote router resolves this problem by allowing the router to ignore the classful boundaries of the networks in its routing table and simply route to the longest prefix match it can find.90003 90002 In summary, making a forwarding decision actually consists of three sets of processes: the routing protocols, the routing table, and the actual process which makes a forwarding decision and switches packets. These three sets of processes are illustrated, along with their relationship, below. 90003 90002 90268 90003 90002 The longest prefix match always wins among the routes actually installed in the routing table, while the routing protocol with the lowest administrative distance always wins when installing routes into the routing table.90003 .